Platform economy database

Database of initiatives and court cases in the EU

Eurofound’s platform economy database provides information on 347 initiatives and court cases that exist or have been implemented in relation to activities in the platform economy. The database was last updated in August 2023 and provides metadata for each entry, such as geographical scope, year, type of initiative, actors involved, sector and companies concerned. Initiatives include legal instruments such as legislative changes or court decisions, as well as voluntary interventions undertaken by different stakeholders to address issues around platform work.

Topic: Platform work Platform economy repository

The database currently contains 347 entries and was last updated in August 2023.

Country

Typology

Sector

Platform

Keyword

Type

Spain

Eurofound country profile: Spain

Featured initiatives

Featured
Spanish Government announces Taxis are a public service, new environmental conditions further restrict number of private hire vehicles (VTC)

As part of a royal decree law on June 28, 2023, the Spanish Government further modified the Land Transport Regulation (LOTT) to adjust criteria in the framework of rules which authorises use of VTCs in the country. The specificity's of regulating VTC is left to the 17 autonomous regions, but LOTT sets the national framework upon which decisions ar…
- Date 29 June 2023
- Type On-location platform-determined routine work
Type

Legislation

Regulation of passenger transport
- View
Featured
Spanish Trade union Elité Taxi launches a campaign to attract ride hailing drivers to become taxi drivers

In Barcelona, Spain, professional association Elite Taxi has launched a public marketing campaign to convert platform ride hailing drivers (VTC) to become taxi drivers. The information campaign targets those working at platform companies Uber and Cabify, appealing to the better working conditions and pay on offer as a taxi driver. Slogans such as …
- Date 27 June 2023
- Type On-location platform-determined routine work
Type

Awareness raising, campaigns, information provision

Working conditions
- View
Featured
The Social Court in Barcelona, Spain, rules Clintu Online and the workers are in an employment relationship

The Social Court number 15 in Barcelona has recognised the employment relationship between those in the occupation of cleaning and digital platform Clintu Online. The Court rules that the company, which is considered a digital platform for the provision of cleaning services, is not only an intermediary between cleaners and customers. Instead, it i…
- Date 26 June 2023
- Type On-location platform-determined routine work
Type

Provision of insurance and social protection

Employment contract

Working conditions
- View
Featured
Catalan Decree Law on Taxi and Private Hire Platforms (VTC)

The Catalan Government has passed a law in July 2022 which comes into force on 1 October 2022, limiting private hire platforms (VTCs) in Catalonia to limousines and passenger vans. The Decree Law is the first of its kind in Spain, delineating taxis and VTCs. This ruling is perceived as highly controversial with VTC operators stating this will cost…
- Date 15 February 2023
- Type On-location platform-determined routine work
Type

Legislation

Regulation of passenger transport
- View
Featured
Observatory of Labour, Algorithm and Society

In November 2022, the Observatory of Labour, Algorithm and Society (TAS) was launched in the city of Barcelona. The key aims of the observatory are to:
- Investigate and collect data
- Give visibility to algorithmic violations and contractual illegalities
- Publish regular reports
- Promote legal actions
- Defend ethical and inclusive work models
TAS brin…
- Date 10 November 2022
- Type On-location platform-determined routine work
Type

Awareness raising, campaigns, information provision

Organising and representing workers

Advice and exchange
- View
Featured
Practical guide on algorithms in the workplace provided by the Ministry of Labour in Spain

In May 2022, the Spanish Ministry of Labour published a guidebook on the ways algorithms are being used in workplaces for hiring purposes, the determination of schedules, performance evaluation or productivity control. The objective of the publication is to provide an overview of all existing obligations and rights concerning algorithmic managemen…
- Date 15 July 2022
- Type
Type

Code of conduct, standards
- View
Featured
Glovo’s pledge to couriers

In October 2021, the food delivery company Glovo announced the so-called ‘Couriers Pledge’. This new initiative sets new social standards for the platform which aim to secure fair working conditions. The pledge lays out standards for earnings, safety, communication and support for development opportunities. These standards are said to apply to all…
- Date 15 February 2022
- Type On-location platform-determined routine work
Type

Code of conduct, standards

Negotiation of working conditions
- View
Featured
Collective agreement for platform workers between Just Eat, CCOO and UGT in Spain

The first collective agreement for platform workers was signed in Spain between the trade union confederations CCOO and UGT, and the delivery platform Just Eat. It came into effect in January 2022. This follows the establishment of the Spanish Riders’ Law, which lays out that riders are to be considered employees due to their dependence on the pla…
- Date 14 February 2022
- Type On-location platform-determined routine work
Type

Industrial action

Negotiation of working conditions
- View
Featured
Riders’ law

The Riders’ law recognises food delivery riders working for digital platforms as employees rather than independent contractors under specific circumstances. It is the result of a tripartite collective bargaining agreement reached on 10 March 2021, between trade union CCOO (Workers’ Commission) and UGT (General Workers’ Confederation), employer org…
- Date 12 May 2021
- Type On-location platform-determined routine work
Type

Employment contract

Regulation of passenger transport

Algorithmic management
- View
Featured
turespuestasindical

Theinitiativewas created by the Spanish trade union Unión General de Trabajadores (UGT), with the aim to support and organise workers in the platform economy. It aims to get more platform workers in standard employment contracts, arguing that 'autonomous' work relationships are highly risky for the employee in terms of social security and health i…
- Date 22 January 2021
- Type
Type

Awareness raising, campaigns, information provision
- View
Featured
Asoriders

Asoriders is a non-profit association, formed by platform workers in Spain, and has the goal to support other platform workers in issues related to economic, contractual and legal challenges.

Scope of the initiative

ASORIDERS has three key objectives: to become the voice of riders willing to remain independent workers, to provide information and b…
- Date 22 January 2021
- Type On-location platform-determined routine work
Type

Awareness raising, campaigns, information provision

Negotiation of working conditions
- View

All initiatives

27 records found

Date	Title	Tags
1 May 2023	Glovo riders win improved working conditions in Avilés after strike action Initiative \| On-location platform-determined routine work
15 February 2023	Basque Parliament condemns Glovo Initiative \| On-location platform-determined routine work
24 January 2023	Labour and Social Security Inspectorate (ITSS) fines Glovo €57 million for false categorisation of self-employed and engaging workers without work permits Court ruling \| On-location platform-determined routine work
15 February 2022	Code of Good Practice (Catalonia) Initiative \| No platform work typology
11 February 2022	Guerilla Translation cooperative Initiative \| Online client-determined specialist work
11 February 2022	La Sárria cooperative Initiative \| On-location platform-determined routine work
11 February 2022	Eraman cooperative Initiative \| On-location platform-determined routine work
11 February 2022	Botxo Riders cooperative Initiative \| On-location platform-determined routine work
11 February 2022	Zámpate Zaragoza cooperative Initiative \| On-location platform-determined routine work
11 February 2022	La Pájara cooperative Initiative \| On-location platform-determined routine work
11 February 2022	Huelva Vence cooperative Initiative \| On-location platform-determined routine work
11 February 2022	Mensakas cooperative Initiative \| On-location platform-determined routine work
11 February 2022	Ziclo-P cooperative Initiative \| On-location platform-determined routine work
2 August 2021	National Court recognises collective dismissal of 4,000 delivery workers by Portier Eats Spain as unlawful Court ruling \| On-location platform-determined routine work
22 January 2021	Adigital Initiative \| No platform work typology
22 January 2021	UGT - Manifesto of Intentions - Ride-hailing platforms Initiative \| On-location platform-determined routine work
22 January 2021	Deliveroo strike Spain Initiative \| On-location platform-determined routine work
22 January 2021	Court judgement on employment status (Deliveroo) Court ruling \| No platform work typology
21 January 2021	Decree 1076/2017 on ride-hailing services (VTC) Initiative \| On-location platform-determined routine work
21 January 2021	SharingEspaña (SHES) Initiative \| No platform work typology
21 January 2021	Instituto Nacional de Seguridad, Salud y Bienesar en el Trabajo (INSSBT, National Institute for Safety, Health and Wellbeing at Work, Spain) Initiative \| On-location platform-determined routine work
21 January 2021	CoopCycle Initiative \| No platform work typology
15 January 2021	Giggin’ Policy Project Initiative \| No platform work typology
18 November 2020	Judgement No. 259/2020 (SENTENCIA Nº 259/2020) Court ruling \| On-location platform-determined routine work
11 June 2019	GCJ case - SJSO 2253/2019 Court ruling \| On-location platform-determined routine work
10 June 2019	GCJ case - SJSO 2892/2019 Court ruling \| On-location platform-determined routine work
21 January 2018	Riders x Derechos (Riders for Rights) Initiative \| On-location platform-determined routine work

Eurofound publications on the platform economy

Regulating platform work in Europe: A work in progress

The platform economy is one of those moving targets, which, despite receiving increasing media and policy attention, has proven difficult to regulate. Given the heterogeneity of employment relationships, business models, types of platform work and cross-border issues, this is not surprising.
- Date 27 September 2022
The digital age: Implications of automation, digitisation and platforms for work and employment

Technological change is accelerating as the capacity of electronic devices to digitally store, process and communicate information expands. Digitalisation is transforming the EU economy and labour markets: nearly one-third of EU workplaces are categorised as highly digitalised. What are the implications of the digital revolution for employment and work?
- Date 15 December 2021
Initiatives to improve conditions for platform workers: Aims, methods, strengths and weaknesses

The rapid rise of the platform economy has led to a marked transformation of European labour markets, and existing regulatory frameworks and voluntary initiatives have yet to catch up. While platform work offers opportunities for workers and employers and potentially contributes to innovation, economic growth and competitiveness in the EU, it has been criticised from the beginning because of the poor employment and working conditions often experienced by workers.
- Date 2 December 2021
Charting a positive path for platform workers

While 2020 may come to be seen as the year platform work gathered pace and started to go mainstream – thanks in large part to COVID-19 containment measures sparking an increase in food and grocery delivery – 2021 could be the year that regulation of platform work is set in motion.
- Date 24 February 2021