Platform economy database
Database of initiatives and court cases in the EU
Eurofound’s platform economy database provides information on 443 initiatives and court cases that exist or have been implemented in relation to activities in the platform economy. The database was last updated in November 2025 and provides metadata for each entry, such as geographical scope, year, type of initiative, actors involved, sector and companies concerned. Initiatives include legal instruments such as legislative changes or court decisions, as well as voluntary interventions undertaken by different stakeholders to address issues around platform work.
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The database currently contains 443 entries and was last updated in November 2025.
On July 9, 2025, France's highest court, the Cour de Cassation, rejected an appeal by an Uber driver who sought to have his relationship with the platform reclassified as a contract of employment. The court upheld a previous ruling from the Paris Court of Appeal, 11 Jan 2024, RG 23/02704, confirming the driver's status as a self-employed contracto…
On September 19th, 2023, a collective agreement has been signed for the VTC (chauffeur-driven transport car) platform sector laying out rules on transparency, and determining the terms under which platforms may terminate their business relationships with platform workers in the form of account deactivation.
This agreement entails rules on how VTC …
Union Indépendants is a trade union that aims to represent the interests of self-employed workers including solo-self employed, freelancers and other categories of platform workers. The union is in favour of he regulation of employment on platforms and seeks to ensure a balanced relationship between platforms and self-employed workers particularly…
A multi-party agreement between organisations representing self-employed workers (AVF, FNAE, CFTC, UNSA) and organisations representing platforms, such as Uber or Caocao (API, FFTPR) was signed on 18 January 2023 in France. The agreement establishes a minimum pay per ride of €7.65 net, regardless of duration or distance travelled and applies to al…
On the 20th of April 2023, the National Federation of Autoentrepreneurs and Microentrepreneurs in France (FNAE) and the Association of Independent Platforms (API) have signed a collective agreement determining an hourly wage of €11,75 for platform delivery drivers and riders.
The wage per hour worked has been determined by considering the time spa…
On the 20th of April 2023, the National Federation of Autoentrepreneurs and Microentrepreneurs in France (FNAE), the Independent Union, and the Association of Independent Platforms (API) have signed a collective agreement determining the terms under which platforms may terminate their business relationships with platform workers in the form of acc…
On the 20th of April 2023, the National Federation of Autoentrepreneurs and Microentrepreneurs in France (FNAE) and the Association of Independent Platforms (API) have signed a method agreement defining a social agenda and granting additional resources, allocated by the platforms, to those representing platform delivery workers.
The goal of this …
On 25 January 2023, the French Cour de Cassation(Chambre Sociale) annulled a decision by the Lyon Court of Appeal because it found the lower court had misapplied the legal test for determining a subordinate relationship.
The appeal court focused on the driver's freedom when not connected to the app, whereas the Cour de Cassation ruled that the cor…
On 28 September 2021, the French National Assembly ratified a government decree on collective representation for platform workers. This foresees that as of 2022, drivers and couriers working for platforms can hold trade union elections. Furthermore, it includes the establishment of the Autorité des relations sociales des plateformes d’emploi (ARPE…
Indépendants.co is a union of self-employed workers in France. Launched in February 2020, it collectivises and represents self-employed workers. The union’s goals are to renew the forms of social dialogue to protect self-employed workers and to push institutional changes in social protection systems which will lead to improved coverage for self-em…
In November 2019, the Framework Law on Mobility was adopted in France. The new framework aims primarily at new mobility solutions and reducing carbon emissions through mobility. However, it also contains provisions aiming to regulate platform work. The objective is to addresses the shortcomings of social protection and working conditions of platfo…
Ordinance No. 2021-484 of 21 April 2021 creates the Employment Platforms Social Relations Authority (Autorité des relations sociales des plateformes d’emploi, ARPE).
This ordinance sets the terms and conditions for the representation of self-employed workers using platforms for their activity as well as the conditions for exercising this represent…
The Association of independent platform workers (Association des Plateformes des indépendants, API) is a business association established by platforms in France in order to represent their position to public authorities and engage in social dialogue with platform workers’ delegates. API works on fundamental subjects such as the remuneration of the…
A driver (Mr F.) asked for his contractual relationship with Uber BV to be reclassified as an employment contract, after Uber deactivated his account. The Paris Court of Appeal (10 January 2019) had agreed, finding that his status as “independent” was fictitious. Uber France and Uber BV appealed.
The Cour de cassation upheld the appeal court’s dec…
65 records found
| Date | Title | Tags |
|---|---|---|
| 25 April 2025 | Decree establishing a data collection system for French digital labour platforms
Legislation | On-location determined |
|
| 25 April 2025 | France: Agreement on Anti-Discrimination Measures in Delivery Platforms
Collective agreement | On-location determined |
|
| 26 August 2024 | Uber Receives €290 Million Fine for EU Data Protection Violations
Initiative | On-location determined |
|
| 11 January 2024 | Paris Court of Appeal Confirms Uber Driver Is Not an Employee
Court ruling | On-location determined |
Tag Updated |
| 19 December 2023 | Collective agreement for freedom to choose journeys signed
Collective agreement | On-location determined |
|
| 18 January 2023 | Agreement on minimum income per ride signed
Collective agreement | On-location determined |
Tag Updated |
| 18 January 2023 | Method agreement on negotiations and social dialogue in the VTC platform sector signed
Collective agreement | On-location determined |
|
| 19 April 2022 | Tribunal Judiciaire de Paris fines Deliveroo €375,000 for undocumented concealed employment
Court ruling | On-location determined |
Tag Updated |
| 24 January 2022 | Belo Livraison cooperative
Initiative | On-location determined |
|
| 24 January 2022 | Toutenvélo cooperative
Cooperative | On-location determined |
|
| 24 January 2022 | Les Coursiers Stéphanois
Cooperative | On-location determined |
|
| 24 January 2022 | Véliv Cooperative
Cooperative | On-location determined |
|
| 24 January 2022 | Rayon local
Cooperative | On-location determined |
|
| 24 January 2022 | Cyclôme cooperative
Cooperative | On-location determined |
|
| 24 January 2022 | Le Rayon Vert cooperative
Cooperative | On-location determined |
|
| 24 January 2022 | Tours'n Messengers cooperative
Cooperative | On-location determined |
|
| 24 January 2022 | Les Coursiers Nantais cooperative
Cooperative | On-location determined |
|
| 24 January 2022 | Naofood cooperative
Cooperative | On-location determined |
|
| 24 January 2022 | Feel à vélo cooperative
Cooperative | On-location determined |
|
| 24 January 2022 | Les Coursiers Brestois cooperative
Cooperative | On-location determined |
|
| 24 January 2022 | KOOGLOF! cooperative
Cooperative | On-location determined |
|
| 24 January 2022 | Initiative Emploi
Cooperative | On-location determined |
|
| 24 January 2022 | Les Coursiers Nancéiens cooperative
Cooperative | On-location determined |
|
| 24 January 2022 | Fast and Curious Coursiers cooperative
Cooperative | On-location determined |
|
| 24 January 2022 | Beefast cooperative
Cooperative | On-location determined |
|
| 24 January 2022 | Lille.bike cooperative
Cooperative | On-location determined |
|
| 24 January 2022 | ReAct
Initiative | On-location determined |
|
| 24 January 2022 | UNION (CFDT)
Initiative | |
|
| 24 January 2022 | La Cour Cyclette cooperative
Cooperative | On-location determined |
|
| 24 January 2022 | Les Cyclopes cooperative
Cooperative | On-location determined |
|
| 24 January 2022 | Deliveroo: Paris Court of Appeal Rejects Rider Employment Reclassification Request
Court ruling | On-location determined |
|
| 24 January 2022 | A2ROO cooperative
Cooperative | On-location determined |
|
| 24 January 2022 | Les Coursiers Montpelliérains cooperative
Cooperative | On-location determined |
|
| 24 January 2022 | ColisCyclette cooperative
Cooperative | On-location determined |
|
| 24 January 2022 | S!cklo cooperative
Cooperative | On-location determined |
|
| 22 December 2021 | L’Observatoire de l’Uberisation (Observatory of ‘uberisation’)
Initiative | On-location determined |
|
| 9 August 2021 | French Law no. 2018-898 - Tax Code Update. Strengthening Platform Reporting and Combating Fraud
Legislation | No platform work typology |
|
| 12 May 2021 | Paris Court of Appeal Rules Uber Driver is an Employee
Court ruling | On-location determined |
|
| 21 April 2021 | Revision of the legal framework for platform workers, France
Legislation | On-location determined |
|
| 3 February 2021 | Deliveroo France initiative to support riders during the COVID-19 pandemic
Initiative | On-location determined |
|
| 22 January 2021 | Uber advice and training
Initiative | On-location determined |
|
| 22 January 2021 | Coursiers Bordelais
Cooperative | On-location determined |
|
| 22 January 2021 | SCP-VTC (Syndicat des Chauffeurs Privés - véhicule de tourisme avec chauffeur)
Initiative | On-location determined |
|
| 22 January 2021 | General Confederation of Labour (Confédération générale du travail, CGT)
Initiative | On-location determined |
|
| 22 January 2021 | SCCUD Dijon
Initiative | On-location determined |
|
| 22 January 2021 | Just Eat hires 4500 workers in France
Initiative | On-location determined |
|
| 22 January 2021 | Common Platforms (Plateformes en Communs) and Association La Coop des Communs
Initiative | No platform work typology |
|
| 22 January 2021 | Partnership between AXA and BlaBlaCar (BlaBlaSure)
Initiative | On-location negotiated |
|
| 22 January 2021 | AXA insurance and Uber
Initiative | On-location determined |
|
| 22 January 2021 | France: Law 2016-1088. Legal framework for platform workers
Legislation | No platform work typology |
|
| 22 January 2021 | CGT delivery unions
Initiative | On-location determined |
|
| 21 January 2021 | Travail Gratuit (Free Labour)
Initiative | No platform work typology |
|
| 21 January 2021 | Sharers & Workers
Initiative | No platform work typology |
|
| 21 January 2021 | Dataset worker resistance
Initiative | On-location determined |
|
| 21 January 2021 | CoopCycle
Initiative | On-location determined |
|
| 15 January 2021 | Lyon Court of Appeal : Uber driver is an independent contractor
Court ruling | On-location determined |
Tag Updated |
| 1 January 2020 | Intersyndicale nationale (INV) VTC trade union
Initiative | On-location determined |
Tag Updated |
| 10 January 2019 | Paris Court of Appeal: Uber Driver Reclassified as Employee
Court ruling | On-location determined |
|
| 28 November 2018 | French Cour de Cassation recognises link of subordination for Take Eat Easy worker
Court ruling | On-location determined |
|
| 28 June 2018 | Uber: Paris Labour Court Dismisses Driver Request for Employment Reclassification
Court ruling | On-location determined |
Tag Updated |
| 9 November 2017 | Paris Court of Appeal upheld ruling against employee status of Deliveroo rider
Court ruling | On-location determined |
|
| 3 July 2017 | AG opinion: France can regulate UberPop without EU notice
Court ruling | On-location determined |
|
| 1 July 2017 | SCVG Bordeaux and CGT
Initiative | On-location determined |
|
| 30 June 2017 | Independent Delivery Workers Collective in Paris (CLAP)
Initiative | On-location determined |
|
| 1 June 2016 | Leroy Merlin partners with Frizbiz
Initiative | On-location negotiated |
The platform economy is one of those moving targets, which, despite receiving increasing media and policy attention, has proven difficult to regulate. Given the heterogeneity of employment relationships, business models, types of platform work and cross-border issues, this is not surprising.
Technological change is accelerating as the capacity of electronic devices to digitally store, process and communicate information expands. Digitalisation is transforming the EU economy and labour markets: nearly one-third of EU workplaces are categorised as highly digitalised. What are the implications of the digital revolution for employment and work?
The rapid rise of the platform economy has led to a marked transformation of European labour markets, and existing regulatory frameworks and voluntary initiatives have yet to catch up. While platform work offers opportunities for workers and employers and potentially contributes to innovation, economic growth and competitiveness in the EU, it has been criticised from the beginning because of the poor employment and working conditions often experienced by workers.
While 2020 may come to be seen as the year platform work gathered pace and started to go mainstream – thanks in large part to COVID-19 containment measures sparking an increase in food and grocery delivery – 2021 could be the year that regulation of platform work is set in motion.
