Platform economy database
Database of initiatives and court cases in the EU
Eurofound’s platform economy database provides information on 415 initiatives and court cases that exist or have been implemented in relation to activities in the platform economy. The database was last updated in July 2025 and provides metadata for each entry, such as geographical scope, year, type of initiative, actors involved, sector and companies concerned. Initiatives include legal instruments such as legislative changes or court decisions, as well as voluntary interventions undertaken by different stakeholders to address issues around platform work.
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The database currently contains 415 entries and was last updated in July 2025.
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France
The collective agreement signed on 7 May 2024 between representative organisations for platforms and independent delivery riders in France, aiming to prevent and combat all forms of discrimination within the delivery platform ecosystem. It establishes mechanisms for monitoring, prevention, reporting, victim support, and consequences for perpetrators.
The agreement includes dispositions on creating an observatory to monitor incidents, implementing preventative measures, providing clear reporting channels, supporting victims, taking action against offenders, and involving all users (riders, businesses, customers).
Signatory platforms (or those covered by homologation) gain new obligations: * Conduct annual surveys for a new Discrimination Observatory (Art 1). * Develop and distribute an anti-discrimination guide to all users (riders, restaurants, shops, customers) and relevant staff (Art 2.1, Art 6). * Set up an easily accessible reporting system ('alert mechanism') for riders (Art 3.1). * Investigate reports promptly (start within 36 hours), handle them sensitively, and provide feedback (Art 3.1, 3.2). * Offer guidance towards specialised support organisations for victims upon request (Art 3.2). * Cooperate with authorities in investigations (Art 3.2). * Implement processes to take appropriate measures, potentially including contract termination, against any platform user (rider, restaurant, shop, customer) or platform staff/subcontractor found responsible for discrimination (Art 3.3). * Potentially provide compensation to riders whose accounts were suspended during a discrimination investigation if the suspension is lifted and the contract isn't terminated for that reason (Art 4). * Collaborate on creating a broader charter involving restaurants, shops, and consumers (Art 5).
The agreement outlines specific rights and obligations for delivery riders: * Obligation: To familiarise themselves with the anti-discrimination information and guides provided by platforms (Art 2.2). * Right: To report discriminatory acts, words, or behaviours they experience via the platform's dedicated alert system (Art 3.1). * Right: Protection from penalties (like account suspension/termination) solely for reporting an incident of discrimination they believe they have suffered (Art 3.1). * Right: To potentially claim compensation (based on average earnings) if their account is suspended during a discrimination investigation which ultimately does not lead to contract termination for that specific incident (Art 4).
The agreement aims to involve all parties in the delivery chain (platforms, riders, restaurants, shops, customers) in fighting discrimination, notably through a planned "Charter of Reciprocal Commitments" (Art 5).
The agreement was approved (homologated) by Labour Relations Authority for Employment Platforms (ARPE) on 26 July 2024 Décision du 26 juillet 2024
Ordinance No. 2021-484 of 21 April 2021 creates the Employment Platforms Social Relations Authority (Autorité des relations sociales des plateformes d’emploi, ARPE). This ordinance sets the terms and conditions for …
The platform economy is one of those moving targets, which, despite receiving increasing media and policy attention, has proven difficult to regulate. Given the heterogeneity of employment relationships, business models, types of platform work and cross-border issues, this is not surprising.
Technological change is accelerating as the capacity of electronic devices to digitally store, process and communicate information expands. Digitalisation is transforming the EU economy and labour markets: nearly one-third of EU workplaces are categorised as highly digitalised. What are the implications of the digital revolution for employment and work?
The rapid rise of the platform economy has led to a marked transformation of European labour markets, and existing regulatory frameworks and voluntary initiatives have yet to catch up. While platform work offers opportunities for workers and employers and potentially contributes to innovation, economic growth and competitiveness in the EU, it has been criticised from the beginning because of the poor employment and working conditions often experienced by workers.
While 2020 may come to be seen as the year platform work gathered pace and started to go mainstream – thanks in large part to COVID-19 containment measures sparking an increase in food and grocery delivery – 2021 could be the year that regulation of platform work is set in motion.
