European Restructuring Monitor (ERM)
Eurofound's ERM database on restructuring-related legal regulations provides information on regulations in the Member States of the European Union and Norway which are explicitly or implicitly linked to anticipating and managing change.
Articles 508-558
A company may enter examinership once its director(s) can prove that the company can no longer pay its debts. Successful applicants then have 100 days during which they are protected from creditors. This gives time for the company to try to obtain new forms of funding, or to make agreements with their creditors about alternative forms of repayment or new repayment schemes, which are not as hard on the company. Examinership differs from receivership in that the company itself applies for such restructuring measures. Under receivership protocol, the creditors apply to have a receiver appointed, which can lead to liquidation and redundancies as its primary focus is to recoup money for the creditors.
A temporary arrangement was introduced in 2020 as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, which permits an extension of time from 100 days to 150 days. This remained in effect until 31 December 2022.
Examinership is often a successful means by which to restructure a company, without having to resort to large-scale job losses. It has worked for several significant employers, particularly in the retail industry, such as B&Q and Debenhams. In 2017, approximately 1,000 jobs were saved through companies availing of examinership. Jobs are protected during both the examinership and receivership process: a 2017 Court of Appeal judgement in Brennan v Irish Pride Bakeries [2017 IECA 107] reiterated that employment contracts cannot be repudiated on account of the company being in receivership, i.e. a receiver cannot do what an employer cannot do in terms of adhering to an employment contract.
With the onset of the 2020 COVID-19 pandemic, the government legislated to lengthen the duration of examinership to try and boost its chance of success. This stayed in place until 31 December 2022, with two COVID-era temporary changes extended to 31 December 2023: an increased threshold for winding up and the permission to hold annual, general and creditor meetings virtually.
Eurofound (2016), Ireland: Rescue procedures in insolvency, Restructuring legislation database, Dublin, https://apps.eurofound.europa.eu/legislationdb/rescue-procedures-in-insolvency/ireland
This Eurofound research paper explores key trends in restructuring in recent years, highlighting the companies that announced the largest job losses and job gains in the EU. It builds on an analysis of company announcements recorded in Eurofound’s European Restructuring Monitor (ERM), alongside a new classification of restructuring events involving changes in company location.
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Employers increasingly use tools such as email, SMS and messaging apps like WhatsApp or Signal to communicate with employees. While these technologies offer both efficiency and convenience, their use in communicating sensitive information, particularly for notifying employees of dismissal, raises legal concerns. This article explores the legal framework on dismissals across the EU, with a special focus on the use of digital means for communicating employment dismissals. Drawing on examples from various Member States, it examines the legal validity of digital dismissals.
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In 2023, thousands of workers in big tech lost their jobs. Meta, Amazon, Google, Apple, Microsoft and Salesforce had been considered to offer good and secure jobs up to this point. Giants of the information and communication technology (ICT) sector, these companies are among the highest paying, with Eurostat data from 2022 indicating that workers in ICT had the second-highest median gross hourly earnings (surpassed only by earnings in the financial sector).[1] These layoffs were a shock, especially as the biggest companies had hired extensively during the COVID-19 pandemic. What happened in the two years after this redundancy wave – was that the end of the cuts or did the companies start expanding again?
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In 2024, the automotive sector in the EU came to the fore in public and policy discussions. The focus was on the slowdown in electric vehicle (EV) sales, rising global competition, belated investments in new technologies, and the potential closure of production lines in Europe. A number of European car manufacturers and suppliers announced their intention to make large-scale redundancies and change long-standing collective agreements on job security and wages, while workers raised concerns amid demonstrations and industrial action.
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