European Restructuring Monitor (ERM)
Eurofound's ERM database on restructuring-related legal regulations provides information on regulations in the Member States of the European Union and Norway which are explicitly or implicitly linked to anticipating and managing change.
1-42 and 62-70
The law specifies that employers must consult with workers’ representatives – workers, trade union representatives, or works councils - on decisions likely to lead to substantial changes in the work organisation or in contractual relations as well as in the economic and social context of the firm. Whereas information related to the employment structure, its evolution and forecast are provided on an annual basis and followed-up on a quarterly basis, new management policies which introduce changes in work organisation or in contractual relations are discussed on an ad-hoc basis. In this specific case, the law does not define any timeline, excepted that unions' representatives have to be informed before the implementation of any measures or decisions. Concerning the information and consultation procedure for collective dismissals, the employer provides information immediately after the decision to proceed to collective dismissals (within 60 days, dismissals of at least 10 workers in companies with 20-99 employees, at least 10% of the workforce in companies with 100-299 employees or at least 30 dismissals in firms with 300 or more staff). Unions' representatives have to be the first ones to be informed about this intention. As soon as the unions are informed about the intention to proceed to collective dismissals, the information and consultation procedure starts with no prescribed limit in time.
The Belgian legislation specifies a minimum of 30 days for consultation, which can be extended by an additional 30 days if the employer has not complied with legal procedures. Further time may be allowed in the case of any objections being submitted.
The legislation specifies that the employers must consult with workers’ representatives within the works council if there is one. If not, they must consult the trade union delegation if there is one. If not, they must consult the workers’ representative within the health and safety committee. For cross-border collective dismissals, the employer may also have to consult with the European works council if there is one.
The Belgian legislation requires that the employer consults with workers’ representatives on the following issues in writing:
During this procedure, unions' representatives have the possibility to ask questions and make suggestions or comments to the social plans regarding dismissals and employment within the company. The employer has the obligation to provide the requested information and answer to questions with the aim to avoid or reduce redundancies. At the end of this step, the employer has to send a report to the local employment authorities with proofs that all questions have been responded and all suggestions managed. Although there is no obligation to accept suggestions, the employer has to consider them and justify the refusal, if any.
The unions have the possibility to contest the report or/and the procedure in a 30 days period after the report is sent. The president of the joint sector committee that the company is member of (every company in Belgium is assigned to a joint committee when starting up) can play the role of a mediator in case of any conflict.
There is no provision in the legislation about smaller enterprises. The law is only related to the works council, which is established when the threshold of 100 employees is reached, except in cases of collective dismissals when a minimum of 20 employees is required.
Several modifications or additions were made throughout the years in order to better comply with the reality of industrial relations. For instance, the cross-sector agreement n°15 (royal decree of 5 September 1974) aims at considering the case of companies which have several plans on these issues. Another example is the cross-sector agreement n° 37 (royal decree of 9 December 1981) which defines more precisely the information about employment issues that the management has to provide to the works council.
Eurofound (2015), Belgium: Staff information and consultation on restructuring plans, Restructuring legislation database, Dublin, https://apps.eurofound.europa.eu/legislationdb/staff-information-and-consultation-on-restructuring-plans/belgium
Between the end of 2022 and the first half of 2023, almost 300,000 employees working for ‘big tech’ companies were laid off across the world, making headlines for months in global media. This development has been a shock, considering the high numbers of jobs in well-known tech corporations with a reputation for offering good working conditions and well-paid positions.
The retail banking sector is fertile ground for studying the impacts of digitalisation on work and employment. Financial services are increasingly provided online, without the intermediary of customer-facing institutions. Many banks in the sector have been undergoing serial restructuring since the global financial crisis, and it is one of the few service sectors with stagnant or declining employment.
Since 2011, the Restructuring support instruments database of the EU PolicyWatch has been collecting information on measures that assist companies and workers to anticipate and manage restructuring. This article looks at measures in the database aimed at supporting employees and employers during the COVID-19 pandemic (2020–2022).
Eurofound’s European Restructuring Monitor database reveals the impact of the energy crisis on employment in the EU. Following Russia’s invasion of Ukraine in February 2022, energy prices have hit record highs. The European Commission imposed sanctions and limitations on the import of oil and gas from Russia, which has reacted by reneging on supply commitments to many Member States.
