European Restructuring Monitor (ERM)
Eurofound's ERM database on restructuring-related legal regulations provides information on regulations in the Member States of the European Union and Norway which are explicitly or implicitly linked to anticipating and managing change.
15-7
Employees may not be dismissed unless this is objectively justified based on circumstances relating to the undertaking, the employer or the employee. Dismissal due to curtailed operations or rationalisation measures is not objectively justified if the employer has other suitable work in the undertaking to offer the employee.
The obligation to look for other suitable work was expanded 1 January 2024. If the undertaking is part of a group of company, the employer also must look for suitable work in the other undertakings in the group. A legal definition of "group of companies" is given in section 8-4 (4). Decisive is whether the parent company has decisive influence on the undertaking.
An objective assessment is required when choosing which employees are to be made redundant in case of dismissals of one or more employees according to case law based on the Working Environment Act.The choice of employees is based on a number of factors and different factors carry different levels of importance, depending on the particular aspects of each case, each company’s needs and the market situation. Factors laid down by an agreement between the management and shop steward would normally be seen to be relevant, but courts can rule that other factors should prevail. Relevant factors may include length of service (seniority), qualifications, suitability, disadvantages of being made redundant for the employee and any relevant social factors such as obligations to support family members.
For companies bound by collective agreements, seniority will usually be the dominant principle, but other factors can be included if they are considered to be just. Shop stewards also have a special protection based in Basic Agreements (collective agreements at the cross-sectoral level) stating that the position should be taken into consideration when deciding to dismiss this person.
In addition, rules regarding which employees are to be made redundant may be contained in collective agreements. For example, pursuant to the collective agreement between the NHO (Confederation of Norwegian Business and Industry) and the LO (the Norwegian Federation of Trade Unions), length of service is the main criterion in relation to redundancies involving unionised employees. However, the length of service criterion can be deviated from if the reason is objectively justified.
Eurofound (2015), Norway: Selection of employees for (collective) dismissals, Restructuring legislation database, Dublin, https://apps.eurofound.europa.eu/legislationdb/selection-of-employees-for-collective-dismissals/norway
Between the end of 2022 and the first half of 2023, almost 300,000 employees working for ‘big tech’ companies were laid off across the world, making headlines for months in global media. This development has been a shock, considering the high numbers of jobs in well-known tech corporations with a reputation for offering good working conditions and well-paid positions.
The retail banking sector is fertile ground for studying the impacts of digitalisation on work and employment. Financial services are increasingly provided online, without the intermediary of customer-facing institutions. Many banks in the sector have been undergoing serial restructuring since the global financial crisis, and it is one of the few service sectors with stagnant or declining employment.
Since 2011, the Restructuring support instruments database of the EU PolicyWatch has been collecting information on measures that assist companies and workers to anticipate and manage restructuring. This article looks at measures in the database aimed at supporting employees and employers during the COVID-19 pandemic (2020–2022).
Eurofound’s European Restructuring Monitor database reveals the impact of the energy crisis on employment in the EU. Following Russia’s invasion of Ukraine in February 2022, energy prices have hit record highs. The European Commission imposed sanctions and limitations on the import of oil and gas from Russia, which has reacted by reneging on supply commitments to many Member States.
