European Restructuring Monitor (ERM)
Eurofound's ERM database on restructuring-related legal regulations provides information on regulations in the Member States of the European Union and Norway which are explicitly or implicitly linked to anticipating and managing change.
Whole regulations (Bankruptcy act (120/2004); Restructuring of enterprises act (47/1993); Act on the adjustment of the debts of a private individual (57/1993))
The Finnish judicial system recognises three types of insolvency. These are bankruptcy (konkurssi), reorganisation of an undertaking (yrityssaneeraus), and adjustment of the debts of a private individual (yksityishenkilön velkajärjestely). For companies and other legal entities attempting to avoid bankruptcy, the proceeding known as reorganisation is the only option, as the adjustment of debts proceeding is reserved for natural persons.
The general requirement for being able to apply for reorganisation proceedings is, as of May 2022, not for the debtor to be insolvent but threatened with insolvency (maksukyvytön). Reorganisation can also be initiated through a joint application submitted by the debtor and two creditors, who together have a claim on a minimum of 20% of the debtor's debts.
Reorganisation is generally available to any kind of company, except for certain companies subject to stricter regulation, such as financial institutions. Both the debtor and the creditor have the authority to apply for the commencement of the proceedings. If it is clear that a reorganisation will not be enough to save the company, or if it is considered that the debtor will not be able to cover the costs resulting from the proceedings, the application for reorganisation can be rejected.
A liquidator is appointed by the court to supervise the debtor's business operations and compose a proposal for the planned reorganisation, which is then approved by the court. The debtor has the right to make suggestions about the reorganisation programme. The court can also appoint a committee of creditors to assist the liquidator, which also have a right to comment on the programme. However, the committee of creditors is only appointed if there is an explicit need for one. If the company regularly employs 50 people or more, the employment authorities may appoint a representative as a non-voting member to the committee of creditors.
The liquidator's remuneration is paid by the company (employer) being reorganised. The company is also responsible for any costs incurred during the reorganisation. Members of the committee of creditors are remunerated by the creditors in question, unless otherwise agreed.
The reorganisation programme can cover things such as the adjustment of debts and a transfer of the undertaking, as well as changes to staff arrangements, management, and operational activities. There is no set expiry date for a reorganisation programme: the programme is in effect until the obligations have been met. The debtor is freed from paying any debts that exceed the amount specified in the programme if he/she fulfils his/her obligations. If the debtor significantly fails to comply with the programme, or if the debtor is declared bankrupt, the reorganisation proceedings are terminated.
The following numbers of reorganisation proceedings were filed since 2014, according to Statistics Finland and The Office of Bankruptcy Ombudsman:
According to an expert estimate, companies generally seek reorganisation too late, submit inadequate applications, and expect too much from the procedure. Approximately one-third of the applications are approved by the court, and only around half of the approved companies succeed in the reorganisation.
Eurofound (2016), Finland: Rescue procedures in insolvency, Restructuring legislation database, Dublin, https://apps.eurofound.europa.eu/legislationdb/rescue-procedures-in-insolvency/finland
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