European Restructuring Monitor (ERM)
Eurofound's ERM database on restructuring-related legal regulations provides information on regulations in the Member States of the European Union and Norway which are explicitly or implicitly linked to anticipating and managing change.
Law n. 223/1991, article 4, paragraph 12, and article 5, paragraph 3; Law n. 92/2012, art. 1; Legislative Decree n. 23/2015, article 10; Decree Law n. 87/2018, article 3
The effects of non-compliance with dismissal regulation are different between individual and collective dismissals. In both cases, however, legislative evolution - and in particular Legislative Decree of 4 March 2015, no. 23 - created a composite framework in which the sanctioning regime is determined, in addition to the nature of the fault, by the start date of the employment relationship (before or after 7 March 2015).
In case of non-compliance with the provisions ruling collective dismissal procedures (concerning dismissal of at least five workers within 120 days, in companies employing more than 15 staff), different sanctions apply, largely recalling those applying to the unfair individual dismissal.
In the case of void or verbal termination or termination based on discriminatory reasons, layoffs can be considered null and void and the dismissed workers can be reinstated according to article 18 of Law 20 May 1970, no. 300 (so-called ‘Workers’ Statute’). Instead of reinstatement, employees can opt for the payment of 15 months’ salary. Sanctions typically entail also the payment of financial compensations equal to the salary that the employee would have earned from the date of termination to the date of reinstatement, with a minimum payment of five months’ salary.
Failure to abide by procedures of collective dismissal implies the payment of an indemnity up to 36 monthly salaries (Law 87/2018). However, non-compliance with collective redundancy communication procedures can be remedied by means of an agreement with the unions, in the framework of the collective dismissal procedure.
In the case of wrongful termination for financial reasons, reinstatement is envisaged only when the court holds that there is a manifest lack of grounds, namely in cases when the objective financial reasons raised by the employer to justify the termination prove to be non-existent. Otherwise, compensation for damages is envisaged (6–12 months’ salary). Employees or others can bring the case to labour courts or make an appeal to employers (either directly or through a trade union) within 60 days.
As to unlawful dismissals, the Jobs Act and, more specifically, Legislative Decree of 4 March 2015, no. 23 introduced a new form of protection that can be applied to workers employed on indefinite contracts from 7 March 2015 onwards. From the merely substantial point of view of the dismissal, the right to reinstatement for these workers is limited to the cases in which the dismissal has not been communicated in writing. The violation of the selection criteria entails the payment of compensation as a form of protection, with an indemnity paid to the worker ranging from six to 36 months’ salary, depending on the seniority at work(Law 87/2018).
Further to the publication of Law 30 October 2014, no. 161 in the Italian Official Gazette of 10 November 2014, the collective dismissal procedure referred to in Law no. 223/1991 concerns executives, too.
Legislative Decree 23/2015 (so-called Jobs Act) significantly reduced protection against dismissals for workers hired from March 2015 onwards, who are more exposed to this risk than in the past. Specifically, the reform narrowed the field of application of the reinstatement rule in case of unfair dismissal, generally replaced by a seniority based financial compensation. The intervention foreseen by the legislator in 2018 (decree law 87/2018) did not fundamentally alter the system, it has only increased the thresholds for financial compensations.
With the introduction of new rules on collective dismissals by the Jobs Act, there are currently two parallel disciplines for the same cases. Within the same company it is possible that workers in a comparable position enjoy different protections on the mere basis of the day they have been hired.
Eurofound (2015), Italy: Effects of non-compliance with dismissal regulations, Restructuring legislation database, Dublin, https://apps.eurofound.europa.eu/legislationdb/effects-of-non-compliance-with-dismissal-regulations/italy
This Eurofound research paper explores key trends in restructuring in recent years, highlighting the companies that announced the largest job losses and job gains in the EU. It builds on an analysis of company announcements recorded in Eurofound’s European Restructuring Monitor (ERM), alongside a new classification of restructuring events involving changes in company location.
:quality(80))
Employers increasingly use tools such as email, SMS and messaging apps like WhatsApp or Signal to communicate with employees. While these technologies offer both efficiency and convenience, their use in communicating sensitive information, particularly for notifying employees of dismissal, raises legal concerns. This article explores the legal framework on dismissals across the EU, with a special focus on the use of digital means for communicating employment dismissals. Drawing on examples from various Member States, it examines the legal validity of digital dismissals.
:quality(80))
In 2023, thousands of workers in big tech lost their jobs. Meta, Amazon, Google, Apple, Microsoft and Salesforce had been considered to offer good and secure jobs up to this point. Giants of the information and communication technology (ICT) sector, these companies are among the highest paying, with Eurostat data from 2022 indicating that workers in ICT had the second-highest median gross hourly earnings (surpassed only by earnings in the financial sector).[1] These layoffs were a shock, especially as the biggest companies had hired extensively during the COVID-19 pandemic. What happened in the two years after this redundancy wave – was that the end of the cuts or did the companies start expanding again?
:quality(80))
In 2024, the automotive sector in the EU came to the fore in public and policy discussions. The focus was on the slowdown in electric vehicle (EV) sales, rising global competition, belated investments in new technologies, and the potential closure of production lines in Europe. A number of European car manufacturers and suppliers announced their intention to make large-scale redundancies and change long-standing collective agreements on job security and wages, while workers raised concerns amid demonstrations and industrial action.
:quality(80))