European Restructuring Monitor (ERM)
Eurofound's ERM database on restructuring-related legal regulations provides information on regulations in the Member States of the European Union and Norway which are explicitly or implicitly linked to anticipating and managing change.
Legal code of relations between the administration and the public, article L311-3-1 Labour Code, article L. 7342-1 Transport Code, article L. 1326-4
LAST UPDATE 2023 - THIS CONTENT WILL NOT BE UPDATED
Article L311-3-1 of the legal code of relations between the administration and the public states that any decision made using an algorithm must mention the fact that an algorithm was used. In addition, the rules defining the algorithm and what it does must be released upon request.
In June 2018, the French Supreme Court for administrative matters (Conseil d’Etat) stated that a decision based solely on an algorithmic system could only be legal if the algorithm and its inner workings could be explained entirely to the person affected by the decision. If this is not possible (because of national security concerns, for instance), then algorithmic decision-making cannot be used.
In addition, the algorithms used by the platforms may not penalise workers who disconnect or refuse rides by offering them less remunerative services: platforms with social responsibility (article L. 7342-1 of the Labour Code) may not restrict the freedom of workers to accept or refuse a proposed service (article L. 1326-4 of the Transport Code).
The Government has created the Employment Platforms Social Relations Authority (Autorité des relations sociales des plateformes d’emploi - ARPE) in 2021, an authority tasked with establishing the conditions and supporting social dialogue to rebalance employment relations between platforms and self-employed workers. As part of this, it has given workers' representatives the power to request an expert opinion, in accordance with Article L. 7343-56 of the Labour Code, on the elements required for negotiation, relating to economic, financial, social, environmental or technological issues, and financed by the ARPE. The professional platform organisation(s) concerned, if they are not the originators of the request for expertise, provide the expert with the information necessary to carry out his mission, and business secrecy is not, in this case, enforceable against the expert.
Role of the Social and economic committee (CSE)
The CSE is the staff representative body best placed to deal with issues of automated decision-making. The French Labour Code grants it information and consultation prerogatives, which are strengthened when the company exceeds 50 or even 300 employees.
These subjects should therefore be at the heart of consultations on strategic orientations, as they enable us to anticipate developments likely to have an impact on the company.
In a report submitted in 2021, the Senate's fact-finding mission (see Sources) became convinced that algorithmic management was helping to determine workers' working conditions and pay, far beyond simply matching supply and demand. It points out that "pricing algorithms, incentive mechanisms and rating systems have a direct impact on the behaviour of platform workers, altering the way they organise their work and their working hours and leaving them with no visibility over their income or their career plans". This is why the mission recommends, on the one hand, initiating a review to adapt labour law to the specific features of algorithmic management and its consequences on working conditions. It also recommends that employment platforms be required to delete, at regular intervals, the history of ratings awarded by customers to the workers who use them.
The use of algorithms, which are at the heart of the platforms' business model, is protected by business secrecy. In order to facilitate the implementation of a social dialogue on the content of these algorithms, the mission proposes, in particular, to guarantee the right of platform workers' representatives to be provided with a comprehensible and up-to-date document detailing the operating logic of the algorithms, or to extend the remit of the Arpe (Autorité des relations sociales des plateformes d'emploi) so that it can support these representatives in discussions and negotiations relating to the operation of the algorithms and their consequences for workers. The report suggests that these representatives could be subject to the obligations of confidentiality and professional discretion incumbent on company staff representatives.
Eurofound (2023), France: Algorithmic management, Restructuring legislation database, Dublin, https://apps.eurofound.europa.eu/legislationdb/algorithmic-management/france
Between the end of 2022 and the first half of 2023, almost 300,000 employees working for ‘big tech’ companies were laid off across the world, making headlines for months in global media. This development has been a shock, considering the high numbers of jobs in well-known tech corporations with a reputation for offering good working conditions and well-paid positions.
The retail banking sector is fertile ground for studying the impacts of digitalisation on work and employment. Financial services are increasingly provided online, without the intermediary of customer-facing institutions. Many banks in the sector have been undergoing serial restructuring since the global financial crisis, and it is one of the few service sectors with stagnant or declining employment.
Since 2011, the Restructuring support instruments database of the EU PolicyWatch has been collecting information on measures that assist companies and workers to anticipate and manage restructuring. This article looks at measures in the database aimed at supporting employees and employers during the COVID-19 pandemic (2020–2022).
Eurofound’s European Restructuring Monitor database reveals the impact of the energy crisis on employment in the EU. Following Russia’s invasion of Ukraine in February 2022, energy prices have hit record highs. The European Commission imposed sanctions and limitations on the import of oil and gas from Russia, which has reacted by reneging on supply commitments to many Member States.
